![]() ![]() Relevant ethical issues in the tDCS research for pediatric ADHD center on safety, risk/benefit ratio, information and consent, labeling problems, and nonmedical use. In this paper, we identify and discuss ethical issues related to research on tDCS and its potential therapeutic use for ADHD in children and adolescents. In particular, limited evidence regarding the use of tDCS in children, lack of clear translational guidelines, and general challenges in conducting research with vulnerable populations pose a number of practical and ethical challenges to tDCS intervention studies. Further research is needed to establish efficacy and to integrate this treatment into the clinical routine. Because of its relatively easy application, well-established safety, and low cost, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising additional treatment option. Therefore, additional treatment options, especially to improve cognitive abilities, are needed. In addition, cognitive abilities that are frequently impaired in ADHD are not directly targeted by medication. Although ADHD can be effectively treated with psychostimulants, a significant proportion of patients discontinue treatment because of adverse events or insufficient improvement of symptoms. 8Institute for History and Ethics in Medicine Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, GermanyĪttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder most frequently diagnosed in children and adolescents.7Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany.6Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.5Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.3Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.1Division of Biomedical Ethics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.Freitag 6 Michael Siniatchkin 3,7 Alena Buyx 8 on behalf of the STIPED Consortium Anna Sierawska 1* Alexander Prehn-Kristensen 2 Vera Moliadze 3 Kerstin Krauel 4 Rafal Nowak 5 Christine M. ![]()
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